Aide Solve Elec - physicsbox.com Elec help Windows.pdfSolve Elec Window Introduction Fonctionalities With Solve Elec you can : - draw a circuit - modify the properties of circuit components - [PDF Document] (2024)

Solve Elec Window

Introduction

Fonctionalities

With Solve Elec you can :- draw a circuit- modify the propertiesof circuit components- define quantities related to the circuit bytheirs formulas- see the circuit solution including literalformulas of quantities defined by meters- verify circuit relatedequations- draw graphs- make a report containing various elementsdisplayed in main window

The version 2.0 of Solve Elec allow you to study circuits indirect current.

Left column Right column

Solve Elec window represents an electricity working station, itis divided in three parts.- The upper part contains various buttonsto switch the circuit on and off and open different instruments asneeded. - The left column always shows two instruments to draw thecicuit and change circuit properties.- The right column showsinstruments opened by a click on a button of the main tool bar.Those instruments can be closed by a click on their close button.When the circuit is on, the instruments displays are automaticallyupdated each time a circuit property is changed.

The instruments dimensions can be modified by dragging theseparators between them or by resizing the window.

Main tools --->

Circuit drawing

The circuit is drawn and modified with the tools displayed inthe box on the left of the drawing. The circuit is automaticallyswitched off when it is modified.

Adding a component

- Click a component displayed in the left box, move the mouseand click inside the drawing on the location where you want toinsert the component.

- Type r on the keyboard to rotate the component beforeinserting it in the drawing.

- The component won't be inserted if there is not enough roomfor it around the clicked location. Components and wires can'toverlay each other.

Drawing and modifying wires

- Choose wire tool and drag the mouse on the circuit to draw anew wire.- The wires are horizontal or vertical.

Adding a wire

Changing a wire length

Contact between to crossing wires

- Select the wire and drag one of its endings

- By default two crossing wires have no electrical contact.-Choose contact tool and click the intersection point of two wiresto add or remove a contact

Crossing wires without electrical contact

Crossing wires with electrical contact

Selecting drawing elements

Click selection tool to select one or more elements in thedrawing.

Selecting one element

Selecting several elements

- Click the element with select tool.- To select a component,you can also click one of its properties displayed in the circuitproperties below the drawing.

- A selected element is drawn in blue. If it is a component, itsproperties are also selected in the circuit properties.

- Drag the mouse over the drawing to select several elements.-Choose menu Edit > Select all to select all the elements of thedrawing.

Deselecting selected elements

- Click an empty location in the drawing with selectiontool.

Moving elements

- Select one or several elements and drag the selection- You canalso use the keyboard arrow keys to move the selected elements.

- In case the moved selection overlays another part of thedrawing, the move is cancelled, the selection is redrawn at itsinitial location.

Rotating a component

Before inserting the component

After inserting the component

- Click on the desired component in the tool box, move the mouseto the drawing, type r on the keyboard to rotate it.

- Click rotation tool, then click the component in the drawing.The rotation is done only if after rotation the component doesn'toverlay other parts of the drawing.

Components may be drawn horizontally or vertically, except theground and the amplifier.

You can also use the rotation tool to make the notation of apoint or a potentiel rotate around its position by clicking thenotation.

V1V1

V1

V1 V1

V1

Reversing component terminals

- Click the component with the reverse tool to reverse itsterminals

Example :

Voltage source before reversing

Voltage source after reversing

- The reverse tool has no effect on non polarized componentslike resistors and potentiometers

Removing elements from the drawing

With the keyboard

With the eraser

- Choose eraser tool and click the element to be removed .

- Select the element(s) to be removed and press the deletekey

Changing drawing scale

The circuit can be displayed with four different scales

- Click zoom + button to enlarge the drawing.- Click zoom +button to reduce the drawing.

- You can also set a switch on or off by clicking it with thereverse tool

E1 E1

Using the clipboard

Copy

Cut

Coller

- Select drawing elements to be copied - Select menu Edit >Copy- The elements are stored in the clipboard and they remain inthe drawing.

- Select menu Edit > Paste.- The clipboard content is pastedat the last clicked position in the drawing, if there is enoughroom for it.

Drawing norm

- The circuit can be drawn with the US or the European norm

- The norm can be changed in Solve Elec Preferences

- Select drawing elements to be cut - Select menu Edit > Cut-The elements are stored in the clipboard and they are removed fromthe drawing.

Save and open

Choose these menus to save the circuit in a file

Menu File > Save

Menu File > Save as...

Exportation and importation

Menu File > Export

Menu File > Import

Menu File > Open

Choose this menu to open a circuit.The previous circuit isreplaced by the opened one.

Circuits files

Choose this menu to save the selected part of the circuit in afile.The exported file is different from the saved file, but hasthe same file format.

Choose this menu to import a circuit part inside the currentcircuit.The imported circuit is added to the current circuit at thelast clicked position, if possible

The notations of the imported circuit which are already used inthe current circuit are modfied to avoid having differentcomponents with the same notation.

You can quickly build a complex circuit by importing its partsfrom files.

Circuit elements

Components

Components properties

- Each component is described by a set of properties :notation(s), values(s) and unit(s), etc ... Those properties aredisplayed in the circuit properties list, below the drawing. When acomponent is selected in the drawing, the line showing itsproperties is also selected. When the mouse is over a property, thedescription of this property is displayed above the propertieslist.

- All the properties may be changed. For instance, to change aresistor value, click the cell containing this value, type the newvalue followed by the return key to validate the change.

- When a property is modified, the window display is updated.For instance, a displayed graph is automatically recomputed for thenew value and redrawn.

Notations

- The first property of each component is its notation. Itrepresents a typical quantity of the component or the name given tothe component (for a switch, a diode, an amplifier and atransistor). Each component notation is displayed in the drawingand in the first column of the circuit properties list.Examples :E1 is the electromotive force of a voltage source, A1 is the nameof an amplifier.

- To change a component notation, click the cell containing thisnotation and type the new notation

- A notation must begin with a letter, following characters mustbe letters or digits.

- Two components of the same kind may share the same notation,except switches, diods, amplifiers and transistors. For instancetwo voltage source can have the same electromotive force E, but twotransistors can't have the same name T.

Numerical values

- To change the numerical value of a quantity, click the cellcontaining this value and type the new value.

- The number of significant digits used to display the numericalvalues can be changed in Solve Elec preferences.

Components description

Switch

Switch off.The intensity of the current through the switch iszero.

Switch on.The voltage across the switch is zero.

Click the component with the reverse tool to switch it on oroff.

Resistor

Ohm's law

U = R I

Potentiometer

- P is the total resistance of the potentimeter measured betweenA and B

- x represents the swiper position. x value is between 0 and1

Potentiometer equivalent drawing :

The resistance between A and C terminals is :

RAC = P x

The resistance between B and C terminals is :

RBC = P ( 1 - x )

K

K

R

U

I

P

C

B

A

RAC

RBC

A

B

C

Diode

D is the name of the diode.

A is the anode, C is the cathode.

Vd is the diode threshold voltage. By default Vd = 0,6 V

States of the diode :

Diode off : - the current intensity flowing through the diode iszero.- the voltage accross its terminals is below the threshold :UAC < Vd

Diode on : - the current flows from anode towards cathode- thevoltage accross its terminals is equal to the threshold : UAC =Vd

Ideal diode :

To simulate an ideal diode, set its threshold value to 0 V

Light emitting diode (LED)

Vl is the LED threshold voltage.The value of the thresholddepends on the color of the light emitted by the diode.

Electrical functioning of the LED is identical to the diodefunctioning.

Voltage source

E is the electromotive force of the source.The source supplies afixed potential difference across its terminals that is completelyindependent of the current it supplies

Two voltage sources can be connected in serial but not inparallel.

Current source

I is the intensity of the current supplied by the source.Thesource supplies a fixed intensity that is completly independant ofthe voltage accross its terminals.

Two current sources can be connected in parallel but not inserial.

A

UAC

D C

A

UAC

CLED

E

I

Controlled voltage source

Voltage source controlled by a current intensity I of thecircuit.

The source electromotive force is : E = k I

k is the control constant notation.The value of k is in V /A

I is the control current intensity, it must be defined in thedrawing by a ammeter.

A controlled voltage source supplies a voltage proportional to avoltage or a current of the circuit.

Voltage source controlled by another voltage U of thecircuit.

The source electromotive force is : E = k U

k is the control constant notation.The value of k has nounit

U is the control voltage, it is another voltage which must bedefined in the drawing by a voltmeter.

Controlled current source

Current source controlled by a current intensity I of thecircuit.

The source intensity current is : Is = k I

k is the control constant notation.The value of k has nounit.

I is the control current intensity, it must be defined in thedrawing by a ammeter.

A controlled current source supplies a current of intensityproportional to a voltage or current of the circuit.

Current source controlled by a voltage U of the circuit.

The source intensity current is : Is = k U

k is the control constant notation.The value of k is in A /V

U is the control voltage, it is a voltage which must be definedin the drawing by a voltmeter.

k U k I

k U k I

Operational amplifier

Inverting input

Non inverting inputOutput

- A1 is the amplifier name, it is displayed in the drawing.

- The amplfier DC supplies are not drawn, but are considered asbeing connected when the circuit is analyzed.

- Saturation voltages notations and default values : highsaturation VsatH = 15 V low saturation VsatL = - 15 VSaturationvoltages values can be changed, VsatH must be larger than VsatL

- Solve Elec uses the model of the ideal operational amplifierwhen analyzing the circuit :

- the input currents are zero.- in linear functioning, thedifferential input voltage is zero.

Transistor

NPN Transistor PNP Transistor

- The transistor type (NPN or PNP) can be changed in thetransistor properties.

- ß is the transistor current amplification.ß notation andvalues can be changed in the properties.When the transistor isfunctioning in linear mode the collector current intensity Ic isportortional to the base current intensity Ib : Ic = ß Ib

- Vt is the threshold voltage of the base-emitter junction.Vtnotation and value can be changed in the properties.When thetransistor is off, the base-emitter voltage has a value smallerthan the threshold value.When the transistor is on , this value isequal to the threshold value.

A1

T

Collector

Emitter

Base Base

Collector

Emitter

T

Meters

Use of meters

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Probe

Each meter inserted in the circuit allow to define a notationfor the quantity it measures. The quantities defined by meters arecomputed, their formulas and values are displayed in the solution.Those quantities can also be used to verify equations, draw graphs,etc ...

Voltmeter ----->

- A voltmeter has to be connected between two points of thecircuit, it measures the voltage across its terminals.- Thevoltmeter is considered as an ideal instrument and is equivalent toa switch off : the current intensity through the voltmeter iszero.-Example : mesuring the voltage across a resistor

U1 is the voltage measured by the voltmeter.

Meters representation

Ammeters and voltmeters can be represented as componentsconnected to the circuit or as intensity or voltage arrows. Themeters representation can be changed in Solve Elec preferences.

- An ammeter has to be connected in serial, it measures thecurrent intensity flowing through itself.- The ammeter isconsidered as an ideal instrument and is equivalent to a switch on: the voltage across the ammeter terminals is zero.-Example :measuring the current intensity flowing through a resistor

I1 is the intensity measured by the ammeter

A probe can be connected on a wire or a component terminal. Theprobe measure the potentiel of the point where it is connected. Theground is the potentiels reference. A circuit containing a probemust also contain a ground.

V

U1

R1

U1

R1

R1 I1R1A

I1

R2

V

Ground

- The ground is the potentiel reference : the potentiel of thepoint of the ground is 0 V.- A ground can be inserted on a wire ora component terminal.- A circuit may contain several grounds, thepoints where are thoses grounds are considered as connected, evenif there is no wire between them.- A circuit containing anamplifier or a probe must contain a ground.

A

Points

- You can set names to points of the circuit by inserting apoint label on a wire or a component terminal. - The points namesare displayed in the circuit properties and they can be changed.-Two different points must have different names.

Wires

- The wires connect components terminals.- By default twocrossing wires have no electrical contact.- Choose contact tool andclick the intersection point of two wires to add or remove acontact

Formulas

Formulas tool

Formulas list

You can define new quantities related to the circuit by theirformulas. For instance you can define the power dissipated by aresistor by the formula P = U I. The quantities defined by aformula are computed when the circuit is solved and they can beused like any other quantity defined by a meter

- The formula tool is in the top of the Solve Elec window.-Click this button to show formulas list.

- Click button + to add a new formula.- Click a formula toselect it.- Double click a formula to modify it.- Select a formulaand click it to suppress it.

Formulas example

Defining a formula

The formula definition window is displayed by clicking button +or by double clicking a formula in the list.

- The new quantity notation should not be already used for thecircuit.- The notations used in the formula can be any notationdefined for the circuit- The formula is edited with the keyboard :you can type lower or upper case letters, digits, operators (keys +- * / ^ ), parentheses. - Use the keyboard arrows to move thecursor inside the formula.- Use the mouse to place the cursor or toselect a part of the formula.

Example of the definition of the power P1

Using formulas

The quantities defined by a formula are verified and computedwhen the circuit is solved. If the formula contains a undefinednotation or if the formula of the quantity is incorrect, thequantity is not computed.

- The correctly defined quantities are displayed in thesolution.- Those quantities can be used in equations verification.-Those quantities can be used to draw graphs.

Example : You define the power dissipated by the reistor R1 inthe circuit below by the formula P1 = U 1 I1 (see previous page).Then you can draw the graph of the power P1 versus R1.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

P1 (mW)

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

R1 R2A

I1

V

U1

E1

Solution

Displaying the solution

Switching the circuit

Solution computation

When the circuit drawing is done, click the Solution button todisplay the solution.The solution indicates :- wether the circuitis solved or not- for a circuit containing components functioningin different states, the state of each of those components- theformulas and values of voltages, current intensities, potentialsand user defined quantities.

When this button is displayed, the circuit is off, the solutionis not computed.Click this button to switch the circuit on.- if thecircuit is correct, the solution is computed and the display isupdated for the new solution. The circuit becomes on, the buttonSwitch on becomes Switch off- if the circuit is not correct, itremains off.

When this button is displayed, the circuit is on, the solutionis computed.You can switch the circuit off by clicking this button,the solution is no longer available.

- When the circuit is off, the solution is computed when one ofthe buttons Switch on, Solution, Equations or Graph is clicked. Ifa solution is found, the circuit is switched on.- The circuit isautomatically switched off after a circuit drawing modification, asthe solution is no longer valid.

- Solve Elec computes the solution by the mean of a formalcalculus engine : litteral formulas of intensities and potentialsare first computed, then the numerical values are computed usingthe litteral formulas. The circuit is solved with the Kirchhoffmethod.

- The computation time might be long for a complex circuit. Insuch a case, a wait window is displayed, it is then possible tostop the computation by clicking the stop button of thiswindow.

Equations

Example

With Solve elec you can verify if an equation related to thecircuit is correct or not.

- You draw this circuit

- Then you click the button Equations to display the equationinspector

Click this button to verify the equation

Type the equation to be verified in this field

This field displays the result of the verification.

Editing an equation

With the keyboard

- You can type the equation in the equation field. For theprevious example, you type the texte U1=R1*I1- The typed charactersare inserted after the cursor. - Use the keyboard arrows to movethe cursor inside the equation.- Use the delete key to suppress thecharacter before the cursor.

E1

A

I1

R1

R2

V U1

With the mouse

Other tools

- Click inside the equation to set the cursor at this position.-Drag the mouse over a part of the equation to select this part.

- Click button var to display the list of available notationsfor the equation.- Click one of those notations to insert it afterthe current cursor position.

- Click button op to display the list of available operators forthe equation.- Click one of those operators to insert it after thecurrent cursor position.

- Click the eraser to erase the whole equation.

Equation verification

- It is possible to verify an equation only if the circuit ison. The circuit drawing has to be correct.- The notations used inan equation must be displayed in the drawing or in the circuitproperties list. Those notations are displayed and can be selectedby clicking the button var.- An equation must contain the sign=

Solve Elec considers as correct an equation if : - the equationis the result of applying general laws to the circuit (Kirchhoff'scurrent and voltage laws)- or the equation is related to acomponent, for instance Ohm law applied to a resistor- or theequation is an algebraic combination of previous equations

When verifying an equation, Solve Elec can find following errors:

- error in signs- non hom*ogeneous equations (incorrect equationsfor the quantities units)- incorrect application of Kirchhoff'scurrent or voltage law

Graphs

Graph plotter

- Click the Graph button to display the graph plotter.- If thecircuit is off, the solution is computed and the circuit isswitched on for a correct drawing.

The graph plotter can draw graphs for quantities defined for thecircuit or by a formula.

Example :

V1 (V)-20 -15 -10 -5 5 10 15 20

V2 (V)

-20

-15

-10

-5

5

10

15

You draw an amplifier circuit :

You draw the graph of the output voltage V2 versus the inputvoltage V1

R1 = 1,00 kΩR2 = 1,00 kΩV1 = 5,00 VA1 VsatH = 15,0 V VsatL =-15,0 VV2

You can modify the graph position, the axis scales, displaypoints coordinates and graph legend.

R1

R2

A1

V V2V1

Axis definition

- The horizontal axis quantity notation is displayed at right ofthe axis. If no quantity has already been selected, a question markis displayed insteed. Likewise the vertical axis quantity notationor a question mark is displayed on top of the axis.

- To select an axis, move the mouse over the axis notation (or aquestion mark). The notation becomes highligted. Click inside theyellow rectangle, a selection menu is displayed, click the desirednotation in this menu.

Selecting axis

Usable quantities

The notations of usable quantities for an axis are displayed inthe axis menus.

- quantities associated to components :Examples : resistance,voltage source electromotive force

- quantities defined by meters : intensity measured by anammeter, voltage measured by a voltmeter, potentiel measured by aprobe

- quantities defined by a formula.

Graph parameter

- If the both axis quantities are defined by a meter or aformula, a parameter must be selected. The parameter value will bechanged to get a set of points of the graph.A graph parameter ischoosen among quantities associated to components.Example :

To draw the graph of the voltage U1 across the resistror R1versus the intensity I1 flowing through the resistor, one changethe electromotive force of the source E1.E1 is the graphparameter.

- Selecting a parameter :

The parameter is displayed above the graph. Move the mouse overthe question mark and click inside the yellow rectangle to displayparameters menu, then click the desired parameter.

E1 R1

A

I1

V U1

Graph definition

You can define a graph by selecting its axis one after the otheras described in previous page or you can open the graph definitionwindow to define both axis.

Click the graph definition button to show the graph definitionwindow.

For each axis : - click the button notation to select the axisquantity.- when the axis notation is selected, the default minimumand maximum values for the selected notation are displayed. You canchange those values as well as their units.- click button OK todraw the graph.

It is not possible to define a new graph when the cursorcoordinates or the legend is displayed, they must be hidden firstby clicking the associated button (cf. next page)

Editing a graph

Shifting the graph

Changing axis scale

The displayed graph can be modfied if the cursor coordinates ansthe legend are hidden. You can change axis notations, axis scalesand graph position and grid

Drag the graph with the mouse to shift it inside its frame. Thegraph is drawn at its new location without changing the axisscales.

- Move the mouse to the first axis graduation mark after thegraph origin. The mark becomes highlighted in yellow.

- Click the yellow rectangle to display the scale selectionwindow.

- Move the cursor to change the scale.

- Click button OK to validate the change.

Grid

Select Preferences menu to hide or show the grid and change gridlines color.

Cursor coordinates

- Click the button Cursor coordinates to display the coordinatesof the cursor, then move the cursor inside the graph frame. Thebutton remains on.

- Click a point inside the graph frame to write its coordinateson the graph.

- Click a point coordinates to erase them.

- Click the button Cursor coordinates to hide cursor coordinatesand erase written point coordinates. The button becomes off.

- It is not possible to change the graph (scales, axis orposition ) when the cursor coordinates are displayed.

LegendThe graph legend is available for circuits functionning indifferent states. The curve is drawn using different colors, eachcolor representing a state of the circuit. The legend shows thedescription of the state for each color.Example :

The amplifier A1 may function in 3 different states : linearmode, high or low saturation as displayed in the legend.

Displaying and positioning the legend

Hiding the legend

- Click the legend button. The legend is displayed at the righttop of the graph frame. You can then drag it to another position.-The legend is not displayed for a circuit with only one state.- Thegraph can't be modified when the legend is displayed.

- Click the legend button. The legend disappears, the graph canbe modified again.

R2

R1

A1

V V2V1 V1 (V)-20 -15 -10 -5 5 10 15

V2 (V)

-15

-10

-5

5

10

15

20

A1 low saturationA1 linear modeA1 high saturation

With Solve Elec, you can get the equivalent circuit to anylinear circuit as seen from two terminals, as well as the formulasof the equivalent circuit components. For instance, you can get theformula of the equivalent resistance of resistors combination or incase of a circuit containing a source you can get the Thevenin orNorton equivalent circuits.

Circuit drawing

Draw the circuit and add point names on the two circuitterminals.Example :

The analyzed circuits are combinations of linear components :resistors, potentiometers, sources, meters, amplifiers (only iffunctioning in linear mode).It is not possible to find anequivalent circuit of a combination containing a diode or atransistor, which are not linear.

Equivalent circuit display

Equivalent circuit tool

Click this button to show the equivalent circuit display.

Choosing circuit terminals

In case there are more than two point names on wires orcomponents terminals in the displayed circuit, you can get theequivalent circuit as seen from any two of those points : choosethe circuits terminals with the terminals menus.

Computing equivalent circuit

Click this button to get the equivalent circuit and itsformulas

R1 R2A B

Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuit

Equivalent circuit

If the circuit contains a source, the equivalent cicruit can bedrawn as a Thevenin circuit or a Norton circuit

Click the button N to display the Norton circuit

Click the button T to display the Thevenin circuit

Report

- A report is made of various elements displayed in Solve Elecmain window : for instance, you can insert in a report graphicalelements like the circuit drawing or a part of it, graphs, formulasdisplayed in the solution and circuit properties. It possible alsoto add editable text fields and images from other applications. Thedocumentation you are reading now is a report made with SolveElec.

- A report is divided in one or more pages, it may contain aplan.

- You can save and print any report.

Report menu

New report

Open a report

Save a report

Print

Add a new page

Remove current page

Select the menu Report > New report to create a new emptyreport, with one page.

Select the menu Report > Open report to display a previouslysaved report.

Select the menu Report > Save report or Report > Savereport as ... to save the displayed report.Reports files areindependant from the circuit files saved by using the file menu. Inparticular, circuit drawing datas are not saved in report files

Select the menu Report > Print to print the report. Printedpages are identical to displayed pages.

Select the menu Report > Add a new page to insert a new pagein the report. the new page is added after the current page.

Select the menu Report > Remove current page. The currentpage and its content are removed from the report.

Browsing a report

Displaying a page

Using the report plan

----->

- Select a part of the drawing- Press alt key and drag theselection to the displayed report page.- Or copy the selection inthe clipboard, click inside the report page and paste theselection.

Drawing

Inserting graphical elements

Circuit properties

Graph

Insertion of all the properties of a circuit in a report :-Click one of the properties.- Press alt key and drag all theproperties to the displayed report page.

Insertion of the properties of one component in a report :-Click the component properties.- Copy the properties in theclipboard.- Click inside the report page and paste the componentproperties.The properties inserted in a report are displayed asgraphical elements, their text can't be edited in the report.

- Click the graph.- Press alt key and drag the selection to thedisplayed report page.- Or select the menu Copy graph, then clickthe report page and paste the graph.

In order to insert graphical elements displayed in main window,click selection button in the upper tool bar of the report toswitch it on.

Image

You can insert an image which has been previously copied in theclipboard from another application by using the menu Edit >Paste image.You can also drag an image from another application, ifit supports drag and drop.

Solution and equivalent circuit

- Select one or more elements displayed in the solution.- Pressoption key and drag the selection to the displayed report page.- Orcopy those elements, then click the report page and paste them.Thesolution elements inserted in a report are displayed as graphicalelements, their text can't be edited in the report.

Inserting and editing text

Choose text tool ( A ) in upper tool bar of the report- Click atan empty position to insert a new text field and type the text.-Click an existing text field to edit it.

In text mode it is possible to select text with the mouse, copythe selected text and paste text from the clipboard

All characters of a text field are displayed with the sameformat (font, font size, color, etc ...)

In order to change a text field format :

- Choose select tool- Click the text field to select it- Clickformat button in upper tool bar of the report- Choose the format ofthe text in the formats window.

Selecting elements

- Choose select tool in upper tool bar of the report

- Click an element to select it

- Click other elements while pressing shift key to add thoseelements to the selection or drag the mouse over the elements to beselected.

Moving elements

Select the elements you want to move and drag them to thedesired position. The dragged elements remain inside the currentpage.Selected elements can be moved also by using the keyboardarrows keys

Changing graphics scale.

Select a graphical element and drag one of its corners.

Changing text fields dimensions

Select a text field and drag one of its corners. The fielddimensions are changed but the text format is unchanged.

Editing report plan

Plan display

Adding titles to the plan

Click this button to show or hide the report plan. The plan isdisplayed at the left of the current page. It contains titles atdifferent levels.

- Type the title in a text field. - Choose select tool, selectthe title.- Click format button to display the formats window.-Check the button Title in the formats windowThe title is thenautomatically added to the plan.To suppress the title from theplan, uncheck the button Title